Feast your eyes on Medieval Warfare Vol. III-3 - The Seljuk Turks Advancing

Medieval warfare - iii.3

Topic: The Advance of the Seljuk Turks: Byzantine Power in Decline

Introduction: James Gilmer, 'Historical Introduction: A Gathering Storm.' Illustrated by Carlos García.

By the death of Basil II in 1025, the Byzantine Empire was the strongest it had been for centuries. To the west, the Byzantines had achieved some control over all the land south of the Danube River and east of the Alps. In the east, Byzantine forces had occupied a line extending south from the Black Sea along the Taurus Mountains, briefly extending into Syria to include the territory around Antioch. Militarily, the empire surpassed any of its contemporaries, with an available force of nearly a quarter of a million men.

Subject: Lukasz Rozycki, 'The Works of Bryennios and Attaleiates - The Art of Byzantine Historiography'.

The work of every historian depends on good sources. Historians of the Byzantine Empire, both medievalists and specialists in antiquity, cannot rely on as many materials as those specializing in modern times. As such, each Byzantine historical source is of great value in providing information. When attempting to recreate the past from such sources, we must keep in mind that each author had different motives for writing. It could have been to curry favor with the ruler, keep the memory of their ancestors alive, or fulfill the duty of a chronicler. Describing the motives that guided the authors, their sympathies and antipathies, allows us to identify unreliable sections of historical texts. The best results can be achieved by analyzing several accounts of a given event.

Topic: Joshua Gilbert, 'The Battle of Dandanaqan: We Won It in Marv and We Lost It in Marv'.

The Battle of Dandanaqan, fought in 1040 between the Seljuk Turks and the forces of the Ghaznavid Sultanate, is one of the most decisive battles in Eastern Islamic history. As a result, the Ghaznavids lost control of Khorasan and its western domains, which became the core of the great Seljuq Empire.

Subject: Murat Ozveri & Nils Visser, 'Technological Advantages of the Seljuk Armies - Arrows, Arrows, Everywhere!' Illustrated by Graham Sumner.

The roots of Seljuk archery date back to the first millennium BC and to the practices of the Scythians, Huns, and other early Asian traditions. Horse archers from the Central Asian steppe have used very similar archery equipment and battle tactics over the centuries. This can sometimes lead to confusion when contemporary chroniclers have had to record the identity of one tribe or another.

Subject: Dr. Konstantin Nossov, 'Seljuk Fortified Caravans in Anatolia: Protection of Travel and Trade'. Illustrated by Vladimir Golubev.

Caravanserai means a building intended to house a caravan. The word 'caravan' derives from karban ('one who protects trade'). To protect themselves against bandits, itinerant merchants often grouped together; hence the word 'caravan,' which in European languages ​​designates a group of merchants traveling together. The word 'caravanserai,' however, was rarely used in the East. The word used in Arabic was khan, which can also mean house and small inn. In Turkic-speaking areas, a caravanserai is called a han. Sarai, a Turkic word of Persian origin (sarai), means palace or large house. Thus, caravanserai can be translated as 'house/palace for caravans.'

Subject: Raffaele d'Amato and Kenneth Cline, 'When Anatolia Was Lost Forever: The Battle of Manzikert.' Illustrated by Jason Jutaña and José Antonio Gutiérrez López.

It was getting late, and his men were tired, having spent most of the day in frustrated pursuit of wily Turkish horsemen. As the shadows lengthened over the parched plain near the Anatolian town of Manzikert, the Holy Roman Emperor Diogenes considered his options. He could continue the fruitless march to engage the main body of the enemy army, or he could retreat to his camp to try again tomorrow. The approaching twilight and the general exhaustion of his troops settled the matter, and Roman ordered the imperial standard reversed—a message to his troops to begin an orderly retreat. At that signal, the Roman army began to disintegrate, and the Battle of Manzikert, until then a virtual draw, would culminate in a catastrophic defeat, resulting in the loss, within a decade, of much of Anatolia, the heartland of the empire.


Subject: Stephen Bennett, 'The Development of the Byzantine Army: The Komnenian Response to the Seljuk Victories'. Illustrated by Julia Lillo.

Between the mid- and late 11th century, a combination of internal imperial politics and a new strategic context demanded substantial changes in the fiscal and military organization of the Eastern Roman Empire.

Subject: Sidney Dean, 'The Battle of Myriokephalon - Byzantium's Final Offensive'. Illustrated by Milek Jakubiec.

After the Byzantine defeat at Manzikert (1071), Constantinople lost control of most of Anatolia to the Rum Seljuqs. Towards the end of the 11th century, Byzantium resumed an aggressive policy of expansion, reconquering (over decades) territories on various frontiers of the empire. In 1161, Sultan Kilij Arslan II agreed to a peace treaty favoring Byzantium. The Seljuks retained control over central Anatolia, but the sultan accepted pro forma Byzantine vassal status. However, this peace was not to last.

Characteristics

The Campaign: Sean McGlynn, 'The Scottish Invasion of England in 1138: A War Without Quarter'. Illustrated by Ru-mor

For centuries, Anglo-Scottish relations were marked by invasions from south to north and vice versa. Two of the largest Scottish incursions occurred after the Middle Ages: in 1651, a large army marched as far as Worcester, before being crushed there by Oliver Cromwell's republican forces; and, in 1745, the Scottish Jacobite army reached Derby before turning back. However, the medieval period saw the most frequent Scottish invasions of England.

The Warrior: Arnold Blumberg, 'A New Breed of Professional Soldiers (1250–1475): Medieval Irish Warriors'. Illustrated by Marc Grunert.

Forged in the crucible of Viking warfare and then the Anglo-Norman invasion and conquest, the Irish adapted to the changing mode of warfare their enemies brought to their shores, forming professional mercenary armies.
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